Net present value or NPV is a financial method of appraising long-term style projects in the areas of budgeting capital, measuring cash flow shortfall or excess once they have been met. In terms of calculations, NPV equals the current value of net flow cash. Companies use it to provide future cash that is discounted to current values. It is also used to determine the rate of investment for a different venture and by doing so companies can determine if the original project idea is more or less worthwhile profit-wise than the alternative one. Investors use NPV to calculate their rates of return to choose the most profitable one.
Monopsony refers to a market where there is one buyer and multiple sellers. It is similar to monopoly, but in reverse. It is an example of excessive competition and few buyers where competition to win the purchasing power of that single buyer is so strong that it could spell disaster for many competitors, forcing them out of the market. An example of this is the issue of four new free newspapers suddenly appearing in their boxes on city streets side by side, equally as good and equally as enticing to readers; one of the four newspapers will not be able to survive due to unfair numbers of competitors